THE MAPLE LEAF'S CANADIAN
 HISTORY
 By Gerald T Girvin

Endnotes.
    ¹James Van Cleve, "Reminiscences of Early Sailing Vessels and Steamboats on Lake Ontario" (1877). Manuscript in City Hall, Oswego, New York, pp 38, 64.
    ²Cobourg Star, December 18, 1833.
    ³Ibid., February 5, May 28, 1834. The Village of Charlotte (pronounced shah-LOT) adjoining Rochester on the lake, was the port for the city. Annexed by Rochester in 1917, it has since been a city ward.
    ⁴Peter Baskerville, "Donald Bethune", Dictionary of Canadian Biography, (Toronto, 1976,) v IX, p 49.
    ⁵Peter Baskerville, "Donald Bethune's Steamboat Business", Ontario History, v 67 [1975], p 141.
    ⁶Ibid., P 145.
    ⁷Franklin B. Hough, A History of St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, New York, (Albany, 1853), pp 565-566; Ontario and St. Lawrence Steamboat Company, The Great Northern Route, (Buffalo, 1852), pp 25-26.
    ⁸Public Archives of Canada (PAC), MG24 D24, Bethune Papers, "Articles of Agreement" (1850, 1852), pp 280-286.
    ⁹Ibid., Stayner to Bethune, December 16, 1850, pp 159-162.
    ¹⁰Ibid., Bethune to Stayner, December 26, 1850, pp 167-168.
     ¹¹AnnaG. Young, Great Lakes Saga, (Owen Sound, ON, 1965,) P 34.
    ¹²(Kingston) Daily British Whig (DBW), March 16, 1851.
     ¹³PAC, Bethune Papers, Cumming to Bethune, November 18, December 14, 1850.
     ¹⁴James Croil, Steam Navigation, and its Relation to the Commerce of Canada and The United States, (Toronto, 1989,) pp 261-262; James Gilmore, The St. Lawrence River Canals Vessel, American Canal Society, (York, Pensy1vania, 1983,) pp 4-5. American line steamers of this period were generally larger than their Canadian counterparts, turning at Ogdensburg after connecting with smaller river steamers specially built to run the St. Lawrence rapids to Montreal and return to Ogdensburg on the canals.
     ¹⁵Arthur L. Johnson, "The Transportation Revolution on Lake Ontario, 1817 -1867: Kingston and Ogdensburg", Ontario History, v (1975), pp 201-202, 204.
     ¹⁶DBW, March 26,1851, (2-1). 17/bid., March 26,1851, (2-2).
     ¹⁷Ibid., March 26, 1851, (2-2).
     ¹⁸J. Ross Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto, v 2 (Toronto, 1896) (LT), P 901; Bruce A. Parker, "The Niagara Harbour and Dock Company," Ontario History, v 72 (1980), P 108. Kingston Chronicle Gazette, October 31, 1840.
     ¹⁹PAC, Bethune Papers, Bethune to Stayner, December 26, 1850, P 168.
    ²⁰DBW, June 16, 19, 1985. Kingston Argus, June 23, 1851.
     ²¹Baskerville, op. cit., pp 146-147; "Donald Bethune", Dictionary of Canadian Biography, (Toronto, 1976,) v IX p 49.
     ²²Toronto Daily Patriot (TDP), October 10,1851. Customs House District of Boston and Charleston, Bill of Sale of Maple Leaf to Spear and Lang, as recorded September 5, 1862.
     ²³PAC, Bethune Papers, Bill of Sale of Maple Leaf to John Counter, as recorded September 24,1851.
     ²⁴TDP, September 29,1851.
     ²⁵Toronto Globe (TG), September 23, 24, 1851; DBW, September 24, October 10, 1851.
     ²⁶Toronto Examiner, March 20, 1850: LT, p 886.
     ²⁷DBW, August 26, October 4, 1851; TDP, October 14, 1851.
     ²⁸TDP, October 6, 8, 9, 10, 1851; DBW, October l0, 17, 1851;TG,October9, 14, 1851.
     ²⁹Ibid., October 21, 1851;DBW, October 27, 1851.
     ³⁰Ibid., October 10, 1851. The black and comfortless craft is a reference to the Princess Royal.
     ³¹Parker, op. cit., p 109; J. Ross Robertson, Landmarks of Canada, What Art Has Done for Canadian History, (Toronto, 1917), pp 413¬414. Rochester Maritime Institute, Lake Ontario Abstract; YL 1849A.
     ³²Rochester Daily Democrat (RDD), October 29, 1851.
     ³³Rochester Daily Advertiser, October 28, 29, 1851; RDD, October 28, 1851.
     ³⁴Rochester Daily American, October 31, 1851; RDD, October 30,1851; TDP, October 29, 1851.
     ³⁵TG, November 13, 18, 29, 1851; RDD, November 29,1851.
     ³⁶PAC, Bethune Papers, "Articles of Agreement" (1850, 1852), pp 280-286.
     ³⁷Walter Lewis, "Steamboat Promotion and Changing Technology: the Careers of James Sutherland and the Magnet," Ontario History, v 77 (1985), pp 211-212; PAC, Bethune Papers, "Articles of Agreement" (1850,1852), p 286.
     ³⁸Kingston Daily News (KDN), Apri120, 23, 1852; TG, April 22, 1852.
     ³⁹KDN, May 3, 1852; Hamilton Weekly Spectator, October 28,1852; Lewis, op. cit., p 214.
     ⁴⁰LT,v 2, P 891; TG, June 3, 1852.
     ⁴¹Hamilton Weekly Spectator, October 28, 1852; KDN, October 28, 1852. LT, P 891.
     ⁴²LT, pp 891, 903, 906.
     ⁴³SyracuseStandard, March29, 1853; DBW, April 2O, May 17, 1853; LT, pp 892, 903.
     ⁴⁴Syracuse Standard, June 14, 1853; LT, P 892; Nelie Horton Casler, Cape Vincent and its History, (Watertown, 1906,) p 161.
     ⁴⁵KDN, May 2, 11, 1853.
     ⁴⁶Rochester Daily Union (RDU), June 10,11,13, 1853; LT, p 894.
     ⁴⁷Ibid., June 15, November 28, 1853.
     ⁴⁸Ibid., June 11, 1853; PAC, Bethune Papers, pp 74- 75, Charles W. Dundas to Donald Bethune, Esq., October 27, 1853; Daily American Directory for the City of Rochester, 1851-52, (Rochester, 1851), p 117; Dewey's Rochester City Directory for 1853-54(Rochester, 1853,) pp 127.
     ⁴⁹Baskerville, op. cit., pp 147-148. 5ORDU, February 22,24, 1854.
     ⁵⁰RDU, February 22, 24, 1854.
     ⁵¹Ibid., February 22, March 3, 1854.
     ⁵²Ibid., March 6, 1854.
     ⁵³Ibid., February 24, March 3, 9, 13, 24, 1854; Erik Heyl, Early American Steamers, v IV, (Buffalo, 1965) pp 261-262.
     ⁵⁴Ibid., March 8, 1854.
     ⁵⁵Ibid., March 13, 20, 1854.
     ⁵⁶Ibid.,March 27, 1854.
     ⁵⁷Ibid., April 6, 17, 18 1854.
     ⁵⁸Ibid., April 19, 28, 1854.
     ⁵⁹Ibid., June 15, 1854; KDN, June 15, 1854.
     ⁶⁰DBW, July 26, 1854.
     ⁶¹RDU, April 11, 1854, February 19, 1855; RDD, February 20,1855.
     ⁶²Ibid., March 15, 16, 1855; RDD, March 12, 1855.
     ⁶³Ibid.,March 19,29,30, 1855; RDD, March 20, 22, April 4, 1855.
     ⁶⁴Ibid., April 6, 1855.
     ⁶⁵RDD, April 9, 19, 1855.
     ⁶⁶RDU, April 21, 26, 1855; TG, April 25, 1855.
     ⁶⁷Ibid., April 19, 28, 30, 1855; RDD, April 28, May 1, June 7, 1855.
     ⁶⁸RDD, June 14, 1855.
     ⁶⁹RDU, June 21,1855; RDD; June 21,1855. Whether or not the Bethune Company actually had a clear title to the Maple Leaf is a matter of speculation. There is no record of her 1851 mortgage to John Counter ever being discharged. (PAC, Bethune Papers, Bill of Sale to John Counter and blank incompleted discharge form.) John Counter had also undergone financial reverses and was himself in bankruptcy by 1855.
     ⁷⁰Rochester Union & Advertiser [RUA], January 25, 1859; Rochester Democrat & American (RD&A), January 26, 1859; Register of British Shipping: Inland Waters (Toronto, 1854), unp, entry for Maple Leaf In Canada, vessels were registered; in the United States, vessels were enrolled.
     ⁷¹Steamship Historical Society of America, Merchant Steam Vessels of the United States, 1790-1868 (Staten Island New York, 1975),p xiii; Board of Lake Underwriters, Lake Vessel Register 1860, Buffalo, p 46; entry for Maple Leaf, Port of Hail: Rochester. Value: $22,000. Class: B2. The Maple Leaf was originally registered in the Port of Toronto in 1851, according to information contained in her bill of sale recorded in Boston in 1862. She was sold by Bethune interests in Toronto in 1855, which bill of sale should have been recorded there in the Custom House and appended to her registration. Being sold foreign, that registration would most likely have been delivered up and canceled. Yet under United States law, she could not have been enrolled at Rochester, having been foreign-built. At the time of her Boston sale, the status of her registration was in question: "now or formerly belonging to the Port of Toronto. " Toronto Customs records were reportedly destroyed in a fire sometime before 1872; hence her registration was never forwarded to Ottawa after Canadian Confederation; there is no record whatever of Maple Leaf in the Government Archives Division of the National Archives of Canada. The Maple Leaf was evidently never enrolled in any American port during her American career through to her sinking in 1864, since she is not listed in Merchant Steam Vessels of the United States, 1790-1868 (The Lytle List), compiled from the abstracts of all U.S. Customs districts during the title period, as found in the U.S. Archives. Her bill of sale was probably recorded in the Customs House in Boston on September 15, 1862, as a record of transaction, not as a port enrollment, which would not have been legally possible without a special act of Congress. Interestingly enough, a document issued by the Surveyor's Office in Boston dated April 1863, certified that "the Steamer MAPLE LEAF of Boston is American built."
     ⁷²RDU, October 15, December 4, 1855.
     ⁷³Ibid." March 3,10,22,31,1856. 74Ibid., April 21, 25, 28, 29,30, May 2, 5, 9,1856.
     ⁷⁴Ibid., April 21, 25, 28, 29, 30, May 2, 5, 9, 1856.
     ⁷⁵Ibid., May 17,22,23, 1856.
     ⁷⁶Ibid., May 3, June 28, 1856.
     ⁷⁷Ibid., June 17, August 8, 1856.
     ⁷⁸Ibid., November 8, 1856.
     ⁷⁹Ibid., August 8, November 22, 1856.
     ⁸⁰RUA, March 18,21, 1857; Rochester City Directory, 1857.
     ⁸¹Ibid., March 21, 23, May 6, September 17, 1857; KDN, March 27, 1857; LT, P 906; Canada Statutes, 46 VIC (1883), Cap. 28.
     ⁸²Ibid., March 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 1857; KDN, March 27, 1857.
     ⁸³Ibid., April 2, 4, 7, 9, 1857.
     ⁸⁴Ibid., June 2, 3, 1857; KDN, June 10, 1857.
     ⁸⁵Ibid., June 25, 1857.
    ⁸⁶Ibid., October 2, 7, 1857
    ⁸⁷November 10, 14, 1857. Oswego Palladium, July 18, November 11, 1857; Ogdensburgh Daily Journal, July 18, November 9,1857; LT, P 908.
    ⁸⁸RUA, November 20,30, 1857.
    ⁸⁹Ibid., December 12, 1857.
    ⁹⁰Ibid. , February 1, 1858. Ogdensburgh Daily Journal, February 9, April 3, 1858; Oswego Palladium, February 16, April 5, 1858;. Syracuse Standard, April 6, 1858.
    ⁹¹Ibid., March 8, 17, April 5, 16, 19, 1858.
    ⁹²Ibid.,ApriI26,May5, 7,10,11,12,13,14, 1858; PAC, Record Group 5, C1, No. 1011 for 1858, Samuel Risley to Provincial Secretary's Office, April 30, 1858, P 559; Report of a Committee of the Honorable Executive Council, May 4, 1858, approved by His Excellency the Governor General in Council, p 555.
    ⁹³Ibid., May 8, June 21,1858; Ogdensburgh Daily Journal, April 27, 30, 1858; Oswego Commercial Times, June 9, 1858.
    ⁹⁴Ogdensburgh Daily Journal, June 7, 18, 1858.
    ⁹⁵RUA., July 19,31,1858.
    ⁹⁶Ibid., July 3, 6, 1858; Cobourg Star, September 22, 1858.
    ⁹⁷Ibid., October 14, 15, 1858; RD&A, October 15, 1858.
    ⁹⁸Ibid., October 16,21, November 24, 1858; RD&A, October 23, 26, November 6, 1858.
    ⁹⁹Ibid., January 25, February 7, 1859; RD&A, January 26,27, February 8, 1859.
    ¹⁰⁰Ibid., February 7, March 15, 18, 1859; RD&A, February 22, 1859. Cobourg Star, March 23,1859.
    ¹⁰¹Ibid., June 4, 1859.
    ¹⁰²Ibid., June 20, July 2, 5, 1859; June 16, 26, July 3, 5, 1869; June 4, July 3, 5, 1862
    ¹⁰³Ibid., July 11, August 6, 11, 1859; July 9, 15, 1862.
    ¹⁰⁴Ibid., August 2, 8, 10, 15, 1859; July 13, August 6, 1860; July 29, August 5, 7, 8, 9, 1862. The cost of a round trip excursion from Rochester to Cobourg in 1991, including meals, was $99.
    ¹⁰⁵Ibid., August 13, 15, 1861.
    ¹⁰⁶Ibid., September 4, 6, 1860. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, eldest son of Queen Victoria, was to ascend to the throne in 1901 as Edward VII.
    ¹⁰⁷Ibid., August 5, 18, 1859; August 11,23, 1860; June 28, July 2, 1861: August 7, 1862. Brockport Republic, July 4, 1861.
    ¹⁰⁸Ibid., June 15, 20, 1860; August 20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 1861.
    ¹⁰⁹Ibid., September 17, October 21, 1859; June 15,July 11, 13,27,31,1860, June 4, July 7, 12, 1862.
    ¹¹⁰Ibid., April 30, August 20, September 26, October 3,5, November 2, 1859; March 30, April 18, 20, 27,1860; April12, 29, August 8, 1861; April 19, August 7, 1862.
    ¹¹¹Ibid., March 26, April 20, 1858; Ogdensburgh Daily Journal, April 22, 1859; Oswego Palladium, April 25, 1859.
    ¹¹²Ibid., July 14, 15, 16, 19, August 1, 5, 1859.
    ¹¹³Ibid., August 19,1859.
    ¹¹⁴Ibid., September 16, 1859.
    ¹¹⁵Ibid, September 29, 1859. Contrary to published reports, there was no marine railway at Port Dalhousie at that time, only the floating dry dock. The editors of the Union and Advertiser were undoubtedly familiar with the term in connection with facilities at Kingston and Ogdensburg.
    ¹¹⁶Ibid, November 7, 1859.
    ¹¹⁷Ibid., December 2, 1859.
    ¹¹⁸Ibid., March 20, 27, 1860.
    ¹¹⁹Ibid., July 10, December 3,5,1860.
    ¹²⁰Ibid., March 19,29, April 1, 8, 1861.
    ¹²¹Ibid., April 19, 24, 1861.
    ¹²²Ibid, September 27, October 26, December 4, 1861.
    ¹²³Ibid., February 19, March 18, 19, 1862.
    ¹²⁴William Ratigan, Great Lakes Shipwrecks and Survivals (Grand Rapids Michigan, 1977), p49.
    ¹²⁵Dana Thomas Bowen, Shipwrecks of the Lakes (Daytona Beach, Florida, 1952), pp 38¬46.
    ¹²⁶Dwight Boyer, True Tales of the Great Lakes (New York, 1971), pp 177-208.
    ¹²⁷Ratigan, op. cit., p 48.
    ¹²⁸RUA, March 18, 1862
    ¹²⁹Ibid., April 12, 1862.
    ¹³⁰Ibid., April 16, May 16, July 1, 1862; Syracuse Standard, July 19, 1862; Syracuse Journal, July 11, 1862.
    ¹³¹Walter Henry Green, History, Reminiscences, Anecdotes and Legends of Great Sodus Bay (Sodus, New York, 1945), p 296.
    ¹³²RUA, July 5, 1852.
    ¹³³Ibid., March 30, 1860, April 29, October 21, 1861.
    ¹³⁴Ibid., July 7, 1862.
    ¹³⁵Ibid., July 5, 1862; Oswego Commercial Times, July 2, 10, 11, 14, 1862. The gunboat New Orleans was building at Sackets Harbor when the War of 1812 ended and was never completed, but remained for many years as a tourist attraction.
    ¹³⁶Erik Heyl, op. cit., v I, pp 19-20, 69-70,
    ¹³⁷DBW, May 21, 26, 1860; (Ogdensburgh) St. Lawrence Republican, June 5, 1860, May 28,1861; Ogdensburgh Advance, May 17,24, 31, 1861. It was approximately a mile across the St. Lawrence River from Ogdensburg to the Canada shore at Prescott.
    ¹³⁸Ogdensburgh Advance, July 19, 1861;(Ogdensburgh) St. Lawrence Republican, July 23, 1861.
    ¹³⁹Heyl, op. cit., v III, P 276; Ogdensburgh Advance, May 17, June 7,1861.
    ¹⁴⁰Ibid., v IV, P 262.
    ¹⁴¹RUA, October 21,1858; Heyl, op. cit., vol III, pp 9-10.
    ¹⁴²Ibid. , April 28, June 6, 10, July 23, December 17, 1862.
    ¹⁴³Ibid., August 14, 1862; Rochester Evening Express, August 14, 1862; Cobourg Sentinel, August 16, 1862. The actual purchasers were to be Spear and Lang of Boston. Delano may have been the name of a ship broker representing them.
    ¹⁴⁴Ibid., July 5, August 8, 11., 1862.
    ¹⁴⁵Ibid., August 9, 1862; RD&A, August 9, 1862; Oswego Commercial Times, August 9, 12, 1862.
    ¹⁴⁶Ibid., July 29, August 5,7,8,1862.
    ¹⁴⁷Ibid., August 12, 1862.
    ¹⁴⁸Ibid., August 13, 1862.
    ¹⁴⁹Ibid., August 14, 23, 1862; RD&A, August 15, 1862; Rochester Evening Express, August 14, 1862; Cobourg Sentinel, August 16, 1862; Oswego Commercial Times, August 21, 1862.
    ¹⁵⁰Ibid., August 28, September 10, 1862; January 26, 1863; DBW, September 2, 1862; New York Herald, August 22, 1862.
    ¹⁵¹TG, June 3,1852; Ogdensburgh Advance, June 28, 1861; (Ogdensburgh) St. Lawrence Republican, May 28, 1861.
    ¹⁵²RUA,August28, 1862; William S, Hunter, Jr., Hunter's Panoramic Guide from Niagara Falls to Quebec (Boston, 1857), pp 30-39. While boiler water is readily available for steamers operating in fresh water, salt water can not be used without serious damage to boiler metals. A condenser makes it possible to re-cycle fresh water for extended use.
    ¹⁵³Ibid., September 10, 1863, January 26, 1863; RD&A, September 8, 1862; DBW, September 12, 1862. The system of classification according to which the Maple Leaf was rated was that adopted by the Board of Marine Inspectors in August 1856.
    ¹⁵⁴Ibid., January 26, 1863; RD&A, September 8, 1862.
    ¹⁵⁵RD&A, September 8,1862; LT, P 907.
    ¹⁵⁶RUA, August 15, 1862.
    ¹⁵⁷Ibid., August 20, 21, 1862; June 27, July 6, 1863.

CW 2/10/05